Coyote Blue Chapter 12~13

CHAPTER 12 Cruelly Turn the Steel-Belted Radials of Desire Crow Country – 1973 In the six years since his vision quest Samson had endured almost daily interpretations of the vision by Pokey Medicine Wing. Again and again Samson insisted that it wasn't important, and again and again Pokey forced the boy to recall his experience on the mountain in detail. It was Pokey's responsibility as a self-proclaimed medicine man to bring meaning to the symbols in the vision. Over the years, as Pokey read new meanings, he tried to change his and Samson's lives to fit the message of the medicine dream. â€Å"Maybe Old Man Coyote was trying to tell us that we should turn our dreams into money,† Pokey said. With this interpretation, Pokey dragged Samson into a series of entrepreneurial ventures that ultimately served no purpose except to confirm to the people of Crow Country that Pokey had finally gone full-bore batshit. The first foray into the world of business was a worm ranch. Pokey presented the idea to Samson with the same blind faith with which he told Old Man Coyote stories, and Samson, like so many before him, was captivated with the idea of turning religion into money. Pokey's eyes were lit up with liquor and firelight as he spoke. â€Å"They are building that dam up on the Bighorn River. They tell us that we will prosper from all the people who will come to the reservation to fish and water-ski on the new lake. That's what they told us when they put the Custer Monument here, but whites opened stores and took all the money. This time we will get our share. We'll grow worms and sell them for fishing.† They had no lumber to build the worm beds, so Pokey and Samson went to the Rosebud Mountains and cut lodgepole pines, which they brought down by the pickup load. Through a whole summer they hauled and built until the Hunts Alones' five acres was nearly covered with empty worm beds. Pokey, convinced that their success depended on getting a jump on other prospective worm ranchers, instructed Samson to tell everyone who asked that they were building corrals to hold tiny horses that they were raising for the Little People that lived in the mountains. â€Å"It's easier to keep a secret if people think you're crazy,† Pokey said. With the beds finished, they were faced with the problem of filling them. â€Å"Worms like cow shit,† Pokey said. â€Å"We can get that for free.† Indeed, had Pokey asked any of the ranchers in the area, they would have let him haul away all the manure he needed, but because most of the ranchers were white and Pokey did not trust them, he decided, instead, that he and Samson would steal the cow pies in the dead of night. So it began: sunset, Samson and Pokey driving the old pickup into a pasture, Pokey driving slowly along while Samson followed on foot with a shovel, scooping piles into the bed of the truck, then the two of them stealing away with their reeking load to dump it in the worm beds, then out again. â€Å"The Crow have always been the best horse thieves, Samson,† Pokey said. â€Å"Old Man Coyote would be proud of the trick we have played on the ranchers.† Pokey's enthusiasm mystified Samson, who couldn't muster the same self-satisfaction at stealing something that nobody wanted. Nevertheless, after a month of pasture raids the beds were full and they drove to the bait store in Hardin to buy their breeding stock: night crawlers and red worms, five hundred each. Pokey burnt sage and sweet grass and prayed over the beds and they released the worms into the beds of manure. Then they waited. â€Å"We shouldn't disturb them until spring,† Pokey said, but many nights Samson spotted him sneaking out to one of the beds with a trowel, turning over a patch, then skulking away. One night Samson was sneaking out with his own trowel when he saw Pokey on his knees with his face pressed to a bed. He stood up when he sensed the boy behind him. â€Å"You know what I was doing?† Pokey asked. â€Å"No,† Samson said, hiding his trowel behind his back. â€Å"I was listening to the sound of money.† â€Å"You have shit on your ear, Pokey.† From that time forward they were both more careful about their nocturnal progress checks, but neither found worm one. They waited through the cold Montana winter, sure that come spring they would be waist deep in worms and money. Never mind the fact that Yellowtail Dam wouldn't be completed for two more years. After the thaw they marched to the beds together, shovels in hand, to turn over their squirming horn of plenty, but shovel after shovel turned up empty. Into the third bed they began to panic and were wildly slinging shit in the air when Harlan pulled up. â€Å"Digging for horses?† he asked. â€Å"Worms,† Pokey shouted, lifting the veil of secrecy with a single word. â€Å"Where did you get the manure?† â€Å"Around,† Pokey said. â€Å"Around where?† â€Å"The ranches on the res.† Harlan began to laugh and Samson was afraid for a moment that Pokey would brain him with the shovel. â€Å"You were trying to grow worms?† â€Å"Old Man Coyote told us to,† Samson said defensively. â€Å"We let go a thousand worms in here to breed so we could sell 'em to fishermen.† â€Å"I guess Old Man Coyote didn't tell you that cattle ranchers put a wormer in their cattle feed, huh?† â€Å"Wormer?† Pokey said. â€Å"That manure was poison to your worms. They were probably dead ten minutes after you put them in there.† Samson and Pokey looked at each other forlornly, the boy's lower lip swelling with disappointment, the man's temples throbbing with pain. Some people believe that hard work is its own reward and a job well done is a tribute to a man's character; fortunately, none of those people were around or they would have been ducking shovel blows. Pokey and Samson decided to get drunk. Harlan stayed on to coach the boy through his first hangover and run interference with Grandma, who would have skinned the two men had she known they were giving liquor to a twelve-year-old. It was the end of summer, a summer spent in sulking and speculating, before Pokey brought home the goats. He'd obtained the pair, a male and a female, from a dubious source in a Hardin bar by winning a bet that had something to do with a pineapple, a throwing knife, and a waitress named Debbie. Samson had difficulty putting the story together from Pokey's drunken ravings, but he gathered that because Debbie had survived, and the pineapple had not, Pokey had two goats on his hands. â€Å"We could breed 'em and sell 'em for meat,† Pokey said. â€Å"But I got a better idea. Them lawyers and doctors are flying into Montana from the city and paying a thousand bucks a head to shoot bighorn sheep. I say we go to the airport in Billings and wait for one of them to get off a plane, then tell 'em they can come to the res and shoot one for two – three hundred. I can be the faithful Indian guide and lead them all over hell and back, and you can take the goats up into the mountains and tie them up where they can shoot 'em.† Despite Samson's objections that even a city lawyer might know the difference between a bighorn sheep and a nanny goat, Pokey insisted that come morning they would be on the road to riches. Come morning, however, when Samson went outside to look at the goats he found them lying on their backs, legs shot stiff to the sky with rigor mortis, dead as stones. In his excitement Pokey had tied the goats next to a patch of hemlock, and the goats, perhaps sensing what was planned for them, munched their last meal and joined the ranks of Socrates. Not all of Pokey's quests for spiritual capitalism were complete failures. He and Samson made a little money with the ;authentic; Indian fry-bread taco stand they set up outside of the Custer Battlefield National Monument, until the health department objected to the presence of marmot and raccoon meat in their all-beef tacos. And they did make forty dollars selling eagle feathers to tourists (actually the feathers of two buzzards that had dined on tainted goat carcass), which they used to buy marijuana seeds that produced a respectable crop of grape-sized casaba melons. (Harlan referred to this as the magic beans incident.) And finally, while Samson was busy with school and basketball and a developing obsession with girls, Pokey turned to prostitution and made five bucks from the owner of the Hardin 7-Eleven who paid the shaman to take his sandwich sign and go stand somewhere else. Samson was fifteen by the time Pokey decided that perhaps they were not meant to turn their dreams into money. Once again he sat the boy down in the kitchen to recount the vision. â€Å"Pokey, I don't even remember much of the vision, and besides, how important could it be? I was only nine.† Samson's friend Billy Two Irons was waiting outside to drive them to a  «forty-nine » party at the Yellowtail Dam and Samson was not in the mood to be cross-examined about an event that he was trying desperately to leave behind, along with the rest of the trappings of childhood. â€Å"Do you know why the Crow never fought the white man?† Pokey asked gravely. â€Å"Oh, fuck, Pokey, not now. I've got to get going.† â€Å"Do you know why?† â€Å"No. Why?† â€Å"Because of the vision of a nine-year-old boy. That's why.† As much as Samson wanted to leave, he had spent too many years listening to the Cheyenne and Lakota call his people cowards to walk out now. â€Å"What boy?† he asked. â€Å"Our last great chief, Plenty Coups. When he was nine he went on his first fast, just like you. He cut pieces from his skin and suffered greatly. Finally, his vision came, and he saw the buffalo gone and then he saw the white man's cattle covering the plains. He saw white men everywhere, but he saw none of our people. The medicine chiefs heard his vision and said that it was a message. The Lakota and the Cheyenne had fought the white men and lost their lands. The vision meant that if we fought the white men we would lose our land and be wiped out. Our chiefs decided not to fight and the Crow survived. We are here because of the vision of a nine-year-old boy.† â€Å"That's great, Pokey,† Samson said, having gained nothing useful from the story. He was not going to quell any ridicule from non-Crows by telling them that his people had changed their way of life over a mystical vision. It was hard enough trying to live down the reputation of his crazy uncle as it was. â€Å"I have to go now.† He grabbed the drum that Pokey had made him and took off through the living room, high-stepping over his eight younger cousins, who were sprawled on the floor watching cartoons on televsion. â€Å"‘Bye, Grandma,† he tossed over his shoulder to his grandmother, who sat in a tattered easy chair among the kids, adding the final touches to a beaded belt she was making for him. In front of the Hunts Alone house a tall, acne-speckled Billy Two Irons was pouring a jug of water into the radiator of a twenty-year-old Ford Fairlane. Most of the water was draining out of the bottom of the engine onto the ground at his feet. â€Å"That thing going to make it up to Yellowtail?† Samson called. â€Å"No problem, bro,† Billy said without looking up. â€Å"I got twenty milk jugs of water in the backseat for the trip up. Coming home's downhill most of the way.† â€Å"You fix the exhaust leak?† â€Å"Yep, tomato can and a hose clamp. Works fine as long as you keep the window down.† â€Å"How about the brakes?† Samson was staring over Billy's shoulder into the greasy cavern of the engine compartment. Billy capped the radiator and slammed the hood before he answered. â€Å"You let it coast down to about ten miles an hour and throw it in reverse it'll stop on a dime.† â€Å"Then let's do it.† Samson jumped into the car. Billy threw the empty milk jug into the backseat, climbed in, and began cranking the engine. Samson looked back to the house and saw Pokey coming out the front door waving at them. â€Å"Hit it, man,† Samson said. â€Å"Let's go.† The car finally fired up just as Pokey reached the window. He shouted to be heard over the din of the damaged muffler. â€Å"You boys watch out for Enos, now.† â€Å"We will, Pokey,† Samson said as they pulled away. Then he turned to Billy Two Irons. â€Å"Is Anus working nights again?† Anus was the name they used for Enos Windtree, a fat, meanspirited half-breed BIA cop who liked nothing better than to terrorize kids partying at some remote spot on the res. Once, at a forty-nine party near Lodge Grass, Samson and Billy and nearly twenty others were drinking and singing with the drums when Samson heard a distinct, sickening series of mechanical clicks right by his ear: the sound of a twelve-gauge shell being jacked into a riot gun. When he turned to the noise Enos hit him in the chest with the butt of the gun, knocking him to the ground. Then Enos shot the lights and windshields out of two cars before sending everyone on their way. When Samson told the story, people just said he was just lucky Enos hadn't hit him in the face, or shot somebody. There were rumors that it had happened before. And people were dying on the Lakota r eservation at Pine Ridge, killed by the tribal police in what amounted to a civil war. â€Å"Enos works whenever he can find someone to fuck with,† Billy said. â€Å"I'd like to hang that fat fuck's scalp from my lodgepole.† â€Å"Oooooo, brave warrior, heap big pissed off,† Samson chided in pidgin – speaking Tonto, they called it. â€Å"You telling me you wouldn't want to see Anus's head through a rifle scope?† â€Å"Yeah, if I thought I could get away with it. But a rifle would be too quick.† For an hour and a half, between stops to add water to the radiator, they theorized on the best way to do away with Enos Windtree. When they finally arrived at the party it had been decided that Enos should have his entire body abraded with a belt sander and a two-inch hole saw slowly driven through his skull with a drill press. (Samson and Billy had just finished with their first year of shop class and were still fascinated by the macabre potential of every power tool they had used; this fascination, of course, was fed by their shop teacher, a seven-fingered white man who described in detail every accident that had mangled, mutilated, or murdered some careless shop student since the turn of the century. The teacher had been so successful in instilling respect for the tools in the boys that Billy Two Irons had taken to skipping two classes after shop to mellow out and would have had a nervous breakdown had Samson not finished building his friend's birdhouse for him.) Billy pulled the Fairlane slowly onto the dam and up to a dozen cars that were parked haphazardly on the three-hundred-foot structure. He threw the car into reverse and gunned the engine until the transmission screamed in protest and the car stopped in a jerking, squealing mechanical seizure. Samson was out of the car in an instant and a warm wind coming off the newly formed reservoir washed over him with the scent of sage. Twenty people were gathered at the rail of the dam, beating drums and singing a song of heartbreak and betrayal in Crow. Samson scanned the faces in the moonlight, recognizing and dismissing each until he spotted Ellen Black Feather, and smiled. She was wearing jeans and a T-shirt. Her long hair was blowing in a black comet tail behind her, her shirt was wrapped tight around her in the wind, and Samson noticed, to his delight, that she was braless. She saw Samson and returned his smile. It was perfect. Just as he had envisioned it on a dozen nights while he lay in the dark with his cousins sleeping around him. They would sing and drink for a while, maybe smoke a joint if somebody had one, then he and Ellen would finish the evening in the backseat of the Fairlane. He walked to Ellen and sat beside her on the rail of the dam, oblivious to the three-hundred-foot drop behind him. As he started to beat his drum and sing he looked back to the car to see Billy adding water to the radiator. It suddenly occurred to him that if he were going to enjoy the favors of Ellen Black Feather in the back of Billy's car, it would be a good idea to move the twenty jugs of water first. He excused himself with a pat on her knee and returned to the car. â€Å"Billy, help me get these jugs into the trunk.† â€Å"They're all empty, don't worry about them.† â€Å"I'm going to need the space. Just open the trunk, okay?† Billy handed him the car keys. â€Å"Hunts Alone, you are a hopeless horndog.† Samson grinned, then took the keys and ran around to the back of the car. He was loading his first armload of jugs into the trunk when he heard a car pass by and the singing abruptly stopped. Samson looked up to see the green tribal police car stopping in the middle of the partiers, some thirty yards away. â€Å"Fuck. It's Anus,† Billy said. â€Å"Let's get out of here.† â€Å"No, not yet.† Samson eased the trunk lid down and joined Billy at the front of the car. They watched Enos Windtree climb out of the car and reach back in for his nightstick. The partiers stood stock-still, as if they were standing near a rattlesnake that would strike at the first movement, but their eyes were darting around looking for possible lanes of escape. All except for Ernest Bulltail, the biggest and meanest of the group, who met Enos's gaze straight on. â€Å"This is an illegal gathering,† Enos rasped as he swaggered up to Ernest. â€Å"You all know it, and I know it. The fine is two hundred dollars, payable right now. Cough it up.† Enos punctuated his demand by driving the end of his nightstick into Ernest's solar plexus, doubling the big man over. Ernest made an effort to straighten up and Enos hit him across the face with the nightstick. One of the other men stepped forward but froze when Enos dropped his hand to the Magnum strapped to his hip. â€Å"Now for my fine,† Enos said. â€Å"Fuck you, Anus!† someone screamed, and Samson's heart sank as he realized that it was Ellen. Enos turned from Ernest and started for the girl. â€Å"I know how you're going to pay up,† Enos said to Ellen with a leer. Samson knew he had to do something, but he wasn't sure what. Billy was tugging on his sleeve, trying to get him to go, but he was fixated on Enos and Ellen. Why hadn't they brought a weapon? He moved to the back of the car and opened the trunk. â€Å"What are you doing?† Billy whispered. â€Å"Looking for a weapon.† â€Å"I don't have a gun in the car.† â€Å"This,† Samson said, holding up a tire iron. â€Å"Against a three fifty-seven? Are you nuts?† Billy grabbed the tire iron and wrenched it out of Samson's hand. Samson was almost in tears now with frustration. He looked back up the dam to see Enos, his gun at Ellen's head, putting his free hand under her shirt. Samson pushed Billy aside, then reached into the trunk and pulled out the spare tire. He began creeping up the dam, cradling the heavy spare in his arms. The others watched him, eyes wide with fear. Ten yards away from Enos he started running, the tire held out in front of him. â€Å"Enos!† Samson shouted. The fat policeman pulled away from Ellen and was bringing up his gun to fire when the tire hit him in the chest and drove him back over the railing. Samson followed, tumbling halfway over the rail before someone caught the back of his shirt and tugged him back. He didn't turn to see who it was, he just stared over the railing at the dam wall that disappeared into the darkness two hundred feet below. The others joined him at the rail and several minutes passed before the stunned silence was broken by Billy Two Irons. â€Å"I just had that spare fixed,† he said. Part 2 The Call to Action CHAPTER 13 Forget What You Know Crow Country – 1973 Of all the people who had seen Enos go over the side of the dam, only Billy Two Irons seemed to have avoided a state of stunned silence. While the others were still staring over the edge into the darkness, Billy was already formulating a plan to save his friend. â€Å"Samson, come here.† Samson looked back at Billy. He was beginning to shiver with unused adrenaline; a look of dreamy confusion had come over him. Billy put his arm around Samson's shoulders and led him away from the railing. â€Å"Look, Samson, you're going to have to run.† A moment passed and Samson did not answer until Billy jostled him. â€Å"Run?† â€Å"You have to get off the res and not come back for a long time, maybe never. Everyone here is going to think that they're going to keep this a secret, but when the cops start kicking ass, your name is going to come out. You've got to go, man.† â€Å"Where will I go?† â€Å"I don't know, but you have to. Now go get in the car. I'm going to try and raise some money.† Grateful that someone was thinking for him, and because he didn't know what else to do, Samson followed Billy's instructions. He sat in the car and watched his friend going from person to person on the dam collecting money. He closed his eyes and tried to think, but found that there was a movie running on the back of his eyelids: a slow-motion loop of a fat cop with a spare tire in his face going backward over a rail. He snapped his eyes open and stared, unblinking, until they filled with tears. A few minutes later Billy threw a handful of bills on the front seat and climbed in the car. â€Å"I told them you were going to hide out in the mountains and I was getting money for supplies. You should be able to get a long way before the cops figure out that you're not on the res. There's about a hundred bucks here.† Billy started the car and drove off the dam toward Fort Smith. â€Å"Where are we going?† Samson asked. â€Å"First we have to stop and fill up these jugs with water. I'll take you to Sheridan and you can catch a bus there. I don't trust this car to go any further. If we break down in the middle of nowhere you're fucked.† Samson was amazed at his friend's ability to think and act so quickly. Left to himself he knew he would still be staring over the dam wondering what had happened. Instead he was on his way to Wyoming. â€Å"I should go home and tell Grandma that I'm going.† â€Å"You can't. I'll tell them tomorrow. And once you're gone you can't call or write either. That's how the cops will find you.† â€Å"How do you know that?† â€Å"That's how they caught my brother,† Billy said. â€Å"He wrote a letter from New Mexico. The FBI had him in two days after that.† â€Å"But†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Look, Samson, you killed a cop. I know you didn't mean to, but that won't matter. If they catch you they'll shoot you before you get a chance to tell what happened.† â€Å"But everyone saw.† â€Å"Everyone there was Crow, Samson. They won't believe a bunch of fucking Indians.† â€Å"But Enos was Crow – part Crow, anyway.† â€Å"He was an apple, only red on the outside.† Samson started to protest again but Billy shushed him. â€Å"Start thinking about where you're going to go.† â€Å"Where do you think I should go?† â€Å"I don't know. You just need to disappear. Don't tell me where you're going when you figure it out, either. I don't want to know. You could try and pass for white. With those light eyes you might pull it off. Change your name, dye your hair.† â€Å"I don't know how to be white.† â€Å"How hard can it be?† Billy said. Samson wanted to talk to someone besides Billy Two Irons, someone who didn't make as much sense: Pokey. He realized that for all his craziness, all his ravings, all his drinking and ritual mumbo jumbo, Pokey was the person he most trusted in the world. But Billy was right: going home would be a mistake. Instead he tried to imagine what Pokey would say about escaping into the white world. Well, first, Samson thought, he would never admit that there was a white world. According to Pokey there was only the world of the Crow – of family and clans and medicine and balance and Old Man Coyote. The white man was simply a disease that had put the Crow world out of balance. Samson tried to look into the future to see where he would go, what he would do, but any plans he had ever made – and there hadn't been many – were no longer valid, and the future was a thick, white fog that would allow him to see only as far as the bus station in Sheridan, Wyoming. He felt a panic rising in his chest like a scream, then it came to him: this was just a different type of Coyote Blue. He was trying to look into the future too far and it was ruining his balance. He needed to focus on right now, and eventually he would learn what he needed to know when the future got to him. What did Pokey always say? â€Å"If you are going to learn, you need to forget what you know.† â€Å"Don't use all your money for the bus ticket,† Billy said. â€Å"Once you get out of the area you can hitchhike.† â€Å"Did you learn all this when your brother got in trouble?† â€Å"Yeah, he writes me letters from prison about what he did wrong.† â€Å"He put a bomb in a BIA office. How many letters can that take?† â€Å"Not that. What he did wrong to get caught.† â€Å"Oh,† Samson said. Two hours later Samson was climbing on a bus headed for Elko, Nevada, carrying with him everything he owned: twenty-three dollars, a pocketknife, and a small buckskin bundle. He took a window seat in the back of the bus and stared out over the dark countryside, really seeing nothing, as he tried to imagine where he would end up. His fear of getting away was almost greater than his fear of being caught. At least if he were caught his fate would be in someone else's hands. After an hour or so on the road Samson sensed that the bus was slowing down. He looked around for a reaction from the other passengers, but except for an old lady in the front who was engrossed in a romance novel, they were all asleep. The driver downshifted and Samson felt the big diesel at his back roar as the bus pulled into the passing lane. Out his window he saw the back of a long, powder-blue car. As the bus moved up Samson watched the big car glide below him, seeming to go on forever. He saw the back of the driver's head, then his face. It was the fat salesman from his vision. Samson twisted in his seat, trying to get a better look as they passed. The salesman seemed to see him through the blackout windows of the bus and raised a bottle of Coke as if toasting Samson. â€Å"Did you see that?† Samson cried to the old lady. â€Å"Did you see that car?† The old lady turned to him and shook her head, and a cowboy in the next seat groaned. â€Å"Did you see who was in that car?† Samson asked the bus driver, who snickered and shook his head. The cowboy in the next seat was awake now and he pushed his hat from over his eyes. â€Å"Well, son, now that you got me wetting myself in suspense, who was in the car?† â€Å"It was the salesman,† Samson said. The cowboy stared at him for a second in angry disbelief, then pushed his hat back over his eyes and slid back down in his seat. â€Å"I hate fucking Mexicans,† he said.

Problems of Library Automation in Africa Essay

In 1981, IBM introduced its personal computer (PC) for use in the home, office and schools. Prior to that time, there had been several MS-DOS compatible personal computers that ran DOS programs. As computers became more widespread in the workplace (ie. an independent agent’s office), new  ways to unleash their potential developed. As smaller computers became more powerful, they could be linked together, or networked, to share memory space, software and information, and communicate with each other. So where does the insurance industry enter the â€Å"automation† picture? A word from our sponsor: What’s so difficult about combining personal and commercial umbrella coverage? Not much. Get a quote online now! Independent agents have come a long way in using technology over the past 20 years. From the early 1980s through the mid-1990s, independent agents for the most part used PC-based automation systems to boost efficiency and cut costs. Since 1970, ACORD, a not-for-profit standards-setting association for the insurance industry, has been involved in automation. The association is comprised of carriers, agents, vendors, solution providers, associations and other interested parties. â€Å"We aren’t the ones who ‘built’ the automation system,† said Carolyn â€Å"Cal† Durland, managing director of Standards for ACORD. â€Å"What we did and still do is provide standards-Forms and Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) upon which the vendors or solution providers base their automation systems.† She explained that to find out how the industry became automated, one must look to the vendors and solution providers. In 1972, the first ACORD form, a property loss notice, went into use. Today, ACORD’s standards include Forms, AL3 (Automation Level 3), XML, OLife and ObjX. The Forms are point of sale, data collection vehicles, AL3 is ACORD’s EDI standard (or machine-to-machine, business-to-business, data transmission formats or components), OLife is a data integration standard and ObjX is â€Å"much more than EDI.† In the 1980s-when the number of PCs in use increased dramatically-ACORD members asked for standardized electronic transmissions between the agents’  computers and the carriers’ computers. â€Å"The industry has come to ACORD to consolidate efforts to eliminate duplication of work,† Durland said. â€Å"For example, without one approved, countrywide ACORD application, all of the 2,400-plus insurance carriers would have to have their own form. And the vendors or solution providers who automate those forms would have to customize each form.† Now that ACORD and the industry are working hand-in-hand, there is one form accepted and used by many of those carriers. In addition, the vendors or solution providers have the option to become licensed by ACORD to redistribute the Forms. â€Å"ACORD provides them with tools†¦to print the ACORD Forms,† Durland said. â€Å"ACORD’s Forms efforts have stripped the costs out of this distribution channel.† According to Durland, in the same manner that the industry came together with ACORD to do Forms, they have also worked to develop EDI Standards. â€Å"Through our subcommittee process and strict compliance to anti-trust guidelines, we bring together carriers, agents, vendors, solution providers and other interested parties to discuss what is needed to transmit the data collected,† she said. Change is good The industry on the whole, according to Durland, is slow to make changes, â€Å"although there are some carriers that have the resources to be on the leading edge of technology.† The beginning was a bit archaic. â€Å"Carriers realized the benefits of automation and developed proprietary systems that they placed in the agents’ offices,† Durland said. â€Å"This resulted in the agents having to physically go from one terminal to another to interface with the carriers automating their process.† With the inception of the agency management vendors and ACORD’s standards implemented in those systems, the agents were conceptually able to eliminate  those proprietary terminals and work through one system. â€Å"This concept called SEMCI, Single Entry Multiple Company Interface, allowed the agents to keep the data in one place and transmit it electronically to any of the carriers it was licensed to represent,† Durland explained. One step forward, two steps back Ten years ago, when Durland joined ACORD, there were many agency management systems attempting to enable SEMCI. â€Å"Today, due to acquisitions and mergers, there are three primary vendors and a few smaller ones,† she said. â€Å"SEMCI is still the goal for the agents and the carriers. However, with the inception of Web enabled processes, the carriers-in an effort to streamline their costs-reverted back to proprietary applications. â€Å"Those leading edge carriers put up Web sites that required the agent to go to the site and enter the information. So instead of going to a separate terminal in their office, they now had to connect to a Web site and rekey the data that was already in their databases.† This resulted in the acceptance of the new standard XML. â€Å"XML is a standard that enables connectivity between Web applications and agency management systems, in addition to business-to-business, business-to-customer, etc.,† Durland said. The goal to secure SEMCI, according to Durland, can still happen with the implementation of XML. â€Å"Plus it broadens the trading partner base to be more than the agent to insurance carrier,† she said. A push for implementation In the 1990s, implementation guides were written and a certification process was developed. Today, there are more than 12,000 upload and 40,000 download implementations using AL3 standards. AL3 continues to evolve and there are new implementations every day, including using AL3 standards over the Internet. Ever since the dawn of the industry’s automation, forms standardization  continued and still continues to be an important focus for ACORD as the standards-setting association works with many different trading partners within the industry. Today there are roughly 400 ACORD forms. And although it’s important to note how many forms there are, what is even more important to note is the fact that these ACORD forms have eliminated or prevented 80,000 proprietary forms-saving the industry millions of dollars. Communicating on a global basis According to Durland, ACORD has staff dedicated to building relationships with other standards-setting organizations. The fact is, the industry handles business on a global basis, so it just makes sense that the goal is to be able to communicate on a global basis. As an example, Durland pointed out that carriers write coverage for properties owned by people all over the world. In turn, these carriers work with other carriers or reinsurers to share the exposure. When asked why it is so important for the industry to be automated, Durland said, â€Å"Automation strips costs out of workflows.† Simply put, to only have to go to one place for information and to be able to service customers quickly and efficiently is key. â€Å"For example, the agent and carrier agree to indemnify the customer if they have a loss which is covered under their policy. The customer pays a fee based on that promise. When the loss occurs, they want someone to handle it promptly†¦to be given information on the progression of the resolution and be paid or have the item replaced ASAP,† Durland said. Automation makes it possible. â€Å"With the technology and automation available to us today, the opportunities to share information are unlimited,† Durland said. â€Å"The industry realizes that and is working together to figure out how to communicate electronically  with each other.†

Christmas Around The World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Christmas Around The World - Essay Example Perhaps what makes the concept of Christmas universal to all people is its idea of sharing. Taking after the gesture of the three Wise Men in the nativity scene, gifts has become one of the pillars of the Christmas season. People, at this time of the year, delight in giving gifts, from the simplest such as Christmas card, to the most expensive. Today, according to Ace Collins, (2003) â€Å"shoppers spend more than $4 billion per Christmas shopping day, or about $2.8 million each minute, during the holiday season in the United States alone.† (101) Gifts are also attributed to Santa Claus or Father Christmas and Saint Nicholas in other cultures. His iconography evolved through the years and has become one that visits houses on Christmas Eve to deliver gifts to children and families who have been good. As mentioned beforehand, there are unique Christmas customs across countries, so it would take a very long list to chronicle each of them, hence, we would discuss them in generalities. For instance, the Far East such Japan, Korea and the countries with different religions have a more secular celebration giving emphasis to gifts, the Christmas tree and preparing Christmas dinner. However, in countries like Ethiopia, Guatemala and Mexico, the spiritual aspects predominate – midnight mass, Christmas carol, religious procession and other solemn ceremonies. Countries such as the United States with its multicultural population have varying degrees of religious and secular celebrations and activities. Unique traditions significantly mark specific country celebrations. For example, the Philippines celebrates the longest Christmas season, starting as early as October. Two basic Christmas meanings or purposes predominate around the world - the religious and the secular. On the one hand there is an emphasis on the birth of Jesus and its significance to the world while on the other there is an emphasis on the abundant feasting, frolicking and good cheer.

Chronic Open-Angle Versus Acute Close-Angle Glaucoma Assignment

Chronic Open-Angle Versus Acute Close-Angle Glaucoma - Assignment Example Chronic open-angle glaucoma has been described as the most common in human. The occurrence of the condition has been linked to dysfunctional drainage channels that hinder the normal elimination of fluid from the eye (Simon & Zieve, 2012). Failure to remove fluids from the eye at a normal rate leads to increase in intraocular pressure (IOP). Symptoms of the conditions are mostly experiences at a later stage as the condition progresses. They include a gradual decrease of vision from the sides of the eye and decrease of straight ahead vision (Simon & Zieve, 2012). In the absence of treatment, blindness occurs to the affected individual. The assessment of this condition is mainly done by checking IOP using a procedure known as tonometry (Simon & Zieve, 2012). The other procedure of assessment is to measure cornea thickness to known about the progression of the condition. Another form of assessment is through checking the damage of the optic nerve using magnifying lens instrument. The tes t is also done in the visual field to understand the level of impairment. On the other hand, acute closed-angle glaucoma is a common problem in human. It occurs when the outer iris get in touch with the trabecular meshwork leading to temporary or permanent closure (Khondkaryan & Francis, 2013). There are various symptoms of the condition. They include blurred vision, painful red eye, headache, nausea, and sometimes vomiting (Khondkaryan & Francis, 2013). The assessment of the condition is done through various ways. First, there is an examination of visual acuity as it is mainly decreased after getting the condition. Secondly, the examination is done in the eye and may indicate red with a vascular blockage, corneal swelling, and dilated the unresponsive pupil (Khondkaryan & Francis, 2013). The examination is also done on IOP. The presence of the

Intelligent Building Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Intelligent Building - Assignment Example e process is very vital when designing an intelligent building and they are designed to meet the social and environmental needs and have enough availability of resources. Intelligent buildings help people work more effectively and efficiently and it is, therefore, easy to cope with the social and technological changes. These intelligent buildings are designed by the architectures those have knowledge and skills on the same and not anyone who can do that. To come up with an intelligent construction is not easy, but with the help of today’s technology, things have been simplified. To bring out an intelligent building, it must be well designed, constructed and implemented. This will attract many people leading to high demand hence high profitability. The main reason for every organization is to earn income. An integrated construction helps people carry out their businesses easier by integrating all the processes and resources together and this saves time and energy. The total time that is expected to be used to accomplish a job is reduced hence saving energy. Technology has reduced manpower and labor hence making work easier and faster. Design: This process requires more work and thus, a little more cash. The resource executives have to learn on how to justify the added costs for longer design time, additional processes and non-standard equipment (Smith, 2010). This step requires more interaction with new designers for them to make design work easier. Even though they find it difficult, they have to forge the relationships with members of a design team. This helps them get new ideas that help them in designing process and these other members of the team also make contributions during the whole process. This step is the most critical stage since it is from the design where by contractors come up with an intelligent building and if the design is not excellent, the total results will not be excellent too. Construction: In integrated design process, there are

Salvador Dali's Galarina Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Salvador Dali's Galarina - Research Paper Example The research paper "Salvador Dali's Galarina" investigates important painting of Salvador Dali's art, "Galarina". Salvador Dali is an artist who engaged in various activities including painting and film work. He is famous for his surrealist works that have striking and bizarre images. Galarina has featured in the Dali Theatre-Museum, Olga's Gallery among other areas. The image has been reproduced in large quantities and is available for sale in many exhibitions. Online, the image is also reproduced in many galleries including digilander.libero.it and Salvador-Dali.org. However, the original painting done by Salvador has been preserved in Catalonia, Spain, Teatre Museu Gala in Figueres. As formerly noted, Galarina was produced by Salvador Dali, a famous Spanish Catalan artist. The artist, born in Figueres had a talent in painting or drafting striking images associated with surrealism. Dali’s painting skills were influenced by prominent Renaissance painters. Dali’s passio n for excessive and gilded things abounds owing to his love and passion for luxury and oriental attire. Dali claims that his lineage can be traced to the Arabic world having specifically descended from the Moors. The artist was highly imaginative and had great interest in engaging his imagination in creating unusual images and in participating in grandiose behavior. As can be seen from the painting of Galarina, Dali is one who is eccentric and seeks to capture the attention of his audience. Gala Dalà ­, the woman featured in the painting was his wife.

Happiness in the Main Pursuit of Humans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Happiness in the Main Pursuit of Humans - Essay Example The protagonists in both stories go through their life searching for their true happiness. Gatsby in Great Gatsby tries to gain happiness in searching for his lost love. Janie in Their Eyes Were Watching God tries to gain happiness in searching for a true love. Gatsby’s love for Daisy is very evident in his musings about her. He says that â€Å"once in awhile I go off on a spree and make a fool of myself, but I always come back, and in my heart I love her all the time (Fitzgerald, 251). But he begins to get entangled in his occasional sprees leading him to find temporary happiness in wealth and fame. When he felt that good feeling in being rich and famous, he began to veer away from his real pursuit. He begins to justify his clamor for wealth as a means to impress Daisy and to win her back. He starts to believe that his wealth is the key to get her love back and away from Tom, her husband. Yes, he succeeds in winning back the affection of Daisy, but it became a hollowed succe ss as Daisy realizes that Gatsby became strongly attached to his wealth. The luster of money and power blinds him and he begins to lose his grip of his true goal: to win back Daisy. Gatsby’s search for Daisy is analogous to anyone’s search for the American dream. ... The American dream is set on principles of success and possession of wealth. Daisy is the American dream. Gatsby’s migration from his birthplace to the town is actually an allusion to the mass migration to the United States, the land of opportunities, or so they say. But the American dream is not an easy thing to achieve as Gatsby finds it difficult to win back Daisy. He needed to work hard to achieve material success, which he wrongly believed would be the way to win back Daisy. Daisy was still a green light, â€Å"minute and far away†¦(like) the end of the dock† (Fitzgerald, 152). While Gatsby knew who his true love is, Janie in Their Eyes Were Watching God searches for the one. She begins her conquest of true love when she witnessed a bee pollinating a flower in her backyard pear tree. Her three marriages signify the different life lessons that made her conclude what true love really is. Her first marriage is pre-arranged by her grandmother. Her grandmother stro ngly believed that the marriage will ensure the Janie’s well-being and future. Unfortunately, Janie has a totally different perspective about love and marriage. She feels unhappy and trapped and so she breaks away from the first marriage only to find herself in yet another disappointing married life. This further proves that wealth and power can never guarantee one’s happiness. With Joe, she is the unappreciated wife, only the wife. Although she is at the peak of a great life, with great wealth, power and fame, it is only an illusion because it is not hers. It is her husband’s and she is not very keen on that. She wants to speak up but she is silenced. She strives to become an individual apart from just being the wife of Joe to no avail. Joe is always there to limit her and her

Research Proposal Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Proposal - Research Paper Example Despite this people are still motivated to go for the procedure, doing something that will drastically change their lives for the better or for worse (Camille 93). Plastic surgery has been in existence for quite some time now in the history of the US and the world over. It is a big business in the US and statistics showed that despite the recession, the business was still booming. Statistics from The American Society of Plastic Surgeons show that Americans underwent 14 million cosmetic procedures in 2010, spending approximately 10.1 billion in the process (Roger and Vanco). The procedure range from Botox, breast enhancements, to transplants and chin augmentation. Two kinds of plastic surgery are common, the reconstructive surgery after accidents and aesthetic surgery for purposes of beauty (Engler 9). Much as plastic surgery has been used to solve clinical problems it has continuously created ethical problems and debates whether some of the procedures should go on or not. Reconstructive surgery has been carried out mostly for clinical purposes to correct problems that come as a result of injury, accidents and tissue damage. It is mostly acceptable because of its ability to give victims a normal life they had before (Johnson and Whitworth 319). Cosmetic surgery on the other hand has been widely criticized by people because of ethical questions that arise as a result of the procedure (Engler 30). Adjusting body parts or changing appearance for beauty purposes involves changing nature and creation which amount to questioning the creator as some argue. Despite this debate cosmetic surgery is still a big business and many people are still going for it despite warnings and consequences that come with some of the procedures (Roger and Vanco). There exists a lot of literature on the topic of plastic surgery that can inform this study. This study is built on a mixed approach kind of

Popular Culture (Paraphrase) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Popular Culture (Paraphrase) - Essay Example Myths can be generally categorized dualistically: myths of history, which represent the accumulated knowledge and superstition of generations and tend to be from more ancient cultures, and myths of example, which speculate about the future and are usually more recent. The first of these is intended to teach certain behaviors, the second to encourage, reassure, or warn. This essay will analyze the modern oral tradition of the American dream, expressed through drama and pop culture, to discern its status as 'myth' and show some responses to it. The ‘American dream’ is the somewhat fanciful idea that in the US (and only in the US) a person can achieve wealth and success through hard work, regardless of their other qualities. It suggests that the US socio-economic system is scrupulously fair and completely devoid of corruption or favoritism, and (more disturbingly) that those who do not succeed are personally to blame for their failures. It comes across as a little dated to the cynics of the twenty-first century, and it is true that the dream was not as solid as it may have seemed to its contemporaries. The playwright Arthur Miller recognized this, and made it the topic of his 1949 play Death of a Salesman. Willy Loman, the protagonist of Death of a Salesman, is one of the victims of the American dream.

There are two short written assignments for this lesson 2.1 Essay

There are two short written assignments for this lesson 2.1 - Essay Example The documents do not satisfactorily promote social justice according to the authors, an area which they deem as fundamental to the nursing practice. Bekeimeier and Butterfield feel that the documents need to have placed more focus on political action and on ways through which nurses can be able to address all underlying factors in the eradication of emerging health problems. With this, the three documents help in ensuring quality healthcare for individual patients that nurses come into contact with, rather than ensuring the quality health of the entire population. From the arguments presented by the two authors, the three documents bring about various social aspects but only mention this at some instances. The weight given on issues related to social justice cannot be compared to that given to issues related to individual patient care. The phrase social justice is reported to have only been used one time in each of the 3 documents, an indication of the value this has been given as co mpared to aspects related to nurse-patient relationships (Bekeimeier & Butterfield, 2005). Based on the arguments presented by the two authors, I strongly agree with their view and believe that more should have been done to promote the role of nurses as political and social leaders as well as advocates. Though the Scope and Standard for Practice document defines nurses as those who play these two roles of leadership and advocacy and in the promotion of social change and reforms towards the improvement of health, the document, just like the other two documents does not focus on how this can be effectively done (ANA, 2010). Having gone through the three documents by ANA, any one would see the evident focal point for the three documents. The amount of information given as guidelines for the nursing practice and that relate to the care and services provided to a patient is overwhelming. There are parts of the documents that touch on public health and the nurses’ involvement in th e promotion of public health, but have only been briefly stated (ANA, 2013). I am in complete agreement with the authors on the issue of collaboration as brought out in the three guide documents. In most cases, collaboration has always been taken to mean different groups of persons working together with one mission, and where each member makes a contribution towards the group. This is however not the concept brought out in the Code of Ethics, where collaboration during patient care would be taken to mean nurses working with patients and other related parties such as families and the surrounding community to promote quality care and treatment as well as overall promotion of complete health for all. The Code of Ethics, in this case brings out collaboration to mean the involvement of the patient in being part of the decision making process (ANA, 2013). This definition shifts the focus of the document from the social aspect to what most parts of the documents focus on; an individual pat ient. I also concur with the two on their view that the generalization of the term patient to refer to the

Alan Greenspan Essay Example for Free

Alan Greenspan Essay Mr. Alan Greenspan was born on March 6, 1926 in New York City. He had made his name as an astute American Economist. He had been the Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve of the United States during the years 1987 to 2006. He presently advises different sectors on society in term of economics with his own GreenSpan Associates, LLC. It was President Ronald Reagan who installed him as the Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board in 1987. Since then, he had been reinstalled by United Presidents for four more terms without recess (Greenspan, 1). He finally retired from the Federal Reserve Board on January 31, 2006 and transferred his powers to the next Chairman, Ben Bernanke . Alan Greenspan earned a name for himself with his outstanding maneuvering of the Black Monday stock exchange crash when he was just a freshman as Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board. He also proved himself a good manager with his splendid handling of the dot. com boom during the 1990s economic heydays. The following paragraphs explain further his life, his economic theories and his accomplishments as chairman of the United States Federal Reserve Board (Faux, 1). As Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, he took good care of the effects brought about by the stock market bubble debacle during March of the year 2000. He then executed well during the recession that hit the United States during the 2000 to 2002 period. Alan Greenspan has been acknowledged as one of the stalwarts in the field of economic theory in the American society. His economic policies are still reverberating to many corners of the United States until today despite his retirement as Chairman of the Federal Reserves Board of the United States( Blinder, 1). He was born of Hungarian Jew Parents in Washington Heights, N. Y. He finished his Clarinet Course in the Juilliard School between the years 1943 and 1944 (Milligan, 1). He studied for his B. S. Economics diploma in New York University. He graduated with honours in 1950. He further studied for his Master in Arts in Economics in Columbia University in 1950. Unfortunately, he was not able to finish his graduate studies. He was later conferred his master’ s degree without thesis by the same school in 1977 and a doctor in philosophy major in Economics later in December, 2005 (Greenspan, 1). Alan Greenspan worked as an economic adviser in the Conference Board of New York City which advices businessmen on business and economic matters. This was his job from the years 1948 to 1953. Alan Green Span had worked as a member of the board of directors in many companies like the Capital Cities/ABC, Inc. , General Foods, Inc. , J. P. Morgan Co. , Inc. , Automatic Data Processing, Inc. , Aluminum Company of America, Pittston Company among the other jobs he had held. He married twice. His first marriage was with Joan Mitchell in 1952. This marriage lasted only for one year. He again married the media personality Barbara Walters in during the 1970s. His third wife was Andrea Mitchell who was twenty years younger than him during their marriage in 1997 (Greenspan, 1). His economic theories Alan Greenspan believed in Objectivism. He was convinced of this theory by Ayn Rand who died some time later. Alan Greenspan had espoused this objectivism theory between the years 1950 to 1970. Alan Greenspan was very vocal of his economic favorite called laissez –Faire capitalism theory. Further, Alan Greenspan believes that the United States government must set up the environment to entice both the buyers and the sellers to freely do a selling a buying activity with the least interference from the government. He had infused his Objectivism philosophy into his economic theories. He emphasized that the Gold should be the foundation of the United States economy even though the United States economy is centered on the fiat money system with the influence of inflation affecting the increase in the prices of basic goods and necessities (Jones, 1). Likewise, many objectivists complained that his stint as chairman of the federal reserves board had made him throw away to the dust bin his objectivist as well as his free market economy. Many complained that he was now acting like a puppet of the United States president doing what the president commands him to do. Thus, he answered their charges by stating that every person who is a buyer or a seller has economic freedom. Meaning, the seller can sell as high a price as he could offer. On the other hand, the buyer has the freedom to buy as low a price as he could bid. In the end, both the buyers and the sellers will have to meet halfway and this called meeting price is the equilibrium price. Another term for this equilibrium amount is market price (Lapp, Douglass, Laksanasut, 1). This is what he answered as his basic economic theory in defense of his principles. In fact, he stated that his personal views and theories of economics had to budge a little to give way to all pressures brought about by the different affected sectors of the monetary public as Chairman of the Federal Reserves Board. He even insists the United States economy will do excellently without the interference of the United States Central Bank if the gold standard is put into place. For, he explains that the United States paper bills and coins are backed by their equivalent amount in gold bullions stocked safely within the fortified vaults of the United States Central Bank. In terms of mortgage negotiations, Alan Greenspan prodded the usual players in the mortgage industry to increase the types of mortgages in order to encourage more people to happily venture into the mortgage loan business (Tuccille, 1). His term as chairman of The Federal Reserve. Alan Greenspan’s appointment as the Chairman of the Federal Reserves Bank in 1987 by then President Ronald Reagan was made to replace the retiring Paul Volcker. The United States senators immediately approved his nomination to this prestigious and at the same time precarious position. For, the eyes of the financial community within the United States as well as its business contacts outside America are constantly on their toes watching every move Alan Greenspan makes (Tuccille, 1). His mental and physical aptitude was immediately put to the test when the bond market was harassed by a one day decline in the bond market price which had only occurred for the first time five years age. Also, the stock market crash in 1987 had the United States economy pushed against the wall. Alan Greenspan successful fought out these two debacles when he stated that the Federal government stands firm in its resolve to aid any American business that needs immediate money to keep their business going until the rarely rough situation will simmer down to tranquil and predictable economic conditions. In resolve, Alan Greenspan rode the rough economic difficulties by decreasing the value of the United States dollar. Further, he camouflaged his every action and reaction to any economic and business situation by using speeches that were so blurred as the chairman of the Federal Reserves Board. His blurred speeches were his technique of keeping his detractors off -guard because they could not understand the real meanings behind his speeches. For, he did this to give him an added advantage. For example, he declared in one of his famous speeches that if a person feels that he or she understands fully the meaning of Alan Greenspan’s speeches, then this person is actually misunderstanding the speaker (Tuccille, 1). He admits his being misunderstood by the general public will give him enough flexibility to remedy any economic situation before the public finally comes around to fully comprehend what Alan Greenspan’s real intentions are. In fact, Alan Greenspan never explained to the public the relation of both the inflation rate and the current economic conditions to his decision as chairman of the Federal Reserves Board to decrease the interest rates. Definitely, the interest rates will consequently affect the increase or decrease in the number of loans transacted through the banks and other financial intermediaries. He had also orchestrated the increase in the credibility of the financial markets in his desire to beat inflation (Greenspan, 1). For, Alan Greenspan believes that the unemployment rate is greatly influenced by inflation. As inflation increases, then there is a higher probability that many workers will be retrenched. Finally, as chairman of the Federal Reserves Board, he was instrumental in beating recession with his extra efforts pursued to lower the interest rate within the United States. In fact, Alan Greenspan was instrumental in lowering the interest rate from 3. 5% to only 3. 0 percent to soften the impact of the September 11, 2001 twin towers plane attacks. This reduction rippled economically causing an increase in the houses sold as well as increases in the refinancing industry (Blinder, 1). Alan Greenspan believed in Objectivism. Alan Greenspan was very vocal of his economic favorite called laissez –Faire capitalism. Alan Greenspan sailed smoothly through the rough times in terms of economic debacles Further, he camouflaged his every action and reaction to any economic and business situation by using speeches that were so blurred during his stay as the chairman of the Federal Reserves Board. Conclusively, he was very instrumental in bringing the Unites States’ high above the murky workers of inflation, recession and unemployment.

Book Review Ghosts from the Nursery

Book Review Ghosts from the Nursery Ghosts from the Nursery: Tracing the Roots of Violence written by Robin Karr-Morse and Meredith S. Wiley offers the reader an in-depth look at child abuse and neglect. Karr-Morse and Wiley (1997) discuss the effects of abuse and neglect, looking specifically at violence in children. The book follows a young man, 19 year old Jeffery, who is on death row for committing a murder when he was 16 years old. Jeffery serves as a beautiful case study for the authors and readers to analyze and apply theories to. By looking at Jeffery and other children who kill, Karr-Morse and Wiley(1997) begin to discover the truths about the delicate and important years of infancy and early childhood. The authors look at child development and behavior particularly from conception to age two. With development and behavior in mind, they investigate the effects that abuse and neglect have on childrens trust, empathy, conscience, and learning during these pivotal years. Throughout the journey of this book, the reader learns a plethora of interesting facts about human development and how it is influenced by abuse and neglect. Throughout the chapters the readers are also given an opportunity to see the implications of such behavior with real life cases and studies. By taking the time to read Ghosts from the Nursery, one will not only have a better understanding of infancy and early child development but also understand why negative experiences affect children as they do and what it means for society as a whole. Upon the completion of this text the reader will have an appreciation for quality parenting and know the devastating effects abuse and neglect have on children and its influence in creating violent children. Critique This text offers knowledgeable contributions to the readers understanding of infancy and early childhood abuse and neglect. Karr-Morse and Wiley (1997) do an excellent job of explaining why the interaction of biological variables with environment variables results in pro-social or antisocial outcomes (81). Examples of this interaction are presented in every chapter with different situations and scenarios. The reader will quickly deduct that this is the most important connection to make and that children reflect what they have absorbed biologically and socially (Karr-Morse Wiley, 1997, 183). The text does a great job assessing a number of issues related to child abuse and neglect including but not limited to early brain anatomy and development, exposure to drugs in the womb, the interaction of parenting and temperament, and the impact of early trauma, head injuries, and emotional deprivation. Each chapter within this text takes a profound look at these issues and how they relate back to childhood violence. Along with providing new and essential knowledge, each chapter is opened by reconnecting with the case study of Jeffery and providing the reader with a personal account of the implications of the issues being discussed. By reading each section carefully and deliberately the reader begins to understand all the variables involved in producing a violent child and the impact these variables have on the way the child processes information, or does not process information as it may be. Along with presenting valuable information to the reader and deepening the readers understanding of the child abuse and neglect, the text does have its downfalls. While reading, one will observe that ideas are repeated too often causing the reader to begin skimming the material. The authors have a tendency to be repetitious in their writing to a point that it hurts the overall affect of the book. Karr-Morse and Wiley also like to provide in depth explanations which detract from the main point they are trying to convey by shifting the focus to a minute fact, thus losing their readers attention. Along with in depth explanations, Karr-Morse and Wiley have a tendency to include too many supporting facts. Though interesting, the facts tend to distract the reader from the main arguments the authors are attempting to make. With these three issues in mind, the overall book is difficult to get through and a relatively slow read. With shorter, more to the point chapters, the authors may have b een able to retain their readers attention for longer amount of time. These improvements would also place more emphasis on the purpose of each chapter and how it influences the making of a violent child, rather than emphasizing the supporting facts. Overall, this text is very educational and a valued contribution to any mandated reporters collection of knowledge. It is suggested however, that Ghosts from the Nursery be read like a textbook and not like a book one would read before bed. With the knowledge of the writing style the authors express themselves in, one can successfully navigate their way through this book and come out the other side with considerably more knowledge in the field of child abuse and neglect. Implications There are numerous implications for anyone, particularly a teacher, after reading Ghosts from the Nursery by Robin Karr-Morse and Meredith Wiley. First and foremost, one must begin to understand the pervasive effects of child abuse and neglect and how important those first two years of life are on development. Abuse and neglect have many faces, some of which are well hidden from the publics eye. As a teacher, especially in preschool, it is imperative to be sensitive to these issues and the repercussions if not detected and treated. As an elementary or preschool teacher, one will be able to assess a childs basic physical, social, emotional and intellectual development in comparison to the childs peers and determine whether the child is on track or not. It is during the preschool years and prior that developmental delays as a result of abuse or neglect will begin to show up in the child. This information may contribute to the teachers inclination that abuse is or is not occurring. It is essential to know that abuse and/or neglect from the time the child is inside the mothers womb to present day can display itself throughout various times in the childs development, and in any one of the developmental domains. This text specifically assists the reader in their quest to better identify and understand the less obvious forms of abuse and neglect and comprehend what it means particularly for a childs social/emotional development. Looking more closely at the disruptive behavior disorders chapter in the text is also beneficial to an individual entering the education field. Children who have such disorders will become obvious during the early school years as they are overwhelming our preschools and child care centers. With children who have disruptive behavior disorders their parents often feel exhausted and angry, their feelings of affection stretched thin or greatly compromised (Karr-Morse Wiley, 1997, 104), placing the child at a higher risk for being abused or neglected and later developing oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder. Some of these children may be experiencing abuse at home, or come to school out of chaotic and neglectful circumstances that leave them physically and emotionally malnourished (Karr-Morse Wiley, 1997, 105). For a teacher, seeing a child who has a disruptive behavior disorder may be a warning flag to keep an eye on the child and family and offer them additional resources to ease any additional stress they may be experiencing. Consequently, from reading this text, one will have a thorough understanding of how child abuse and neglect affects a childs development and what that will look like in the childs behavior. For anyone entering the education field whether it be in the public school district or in a childcare center, those individuals will find themselves mandatory reporters of child abuse and neglect. By reading this text, and having a solid foundation of what abuse and neglect look like, one will have the knowledge to better be able to advocate for a childs needs when necessary.

Low-Power Folded Tree Architecture for DSP Applications

Low-Power Folded Tree Architecture for DSP Applications Low-Power Folded Tree Architecture for DSP applications Abstract— Wireless communication exhibits the highest energy consumption in wireless sensor network (WSN) nodes. Due to their limited energy supply from batteries, the low power design have become inevitable part of today’s wireless devices. Power has become a burning issue in VLSI design. In modern integrated circuits, the power consumed by clocking gradually takes a dominant part. Reducing the power consumption not only enhance battery life but also avoid overheating problem. By employing a more appropriate Processing Element (PE), the power consumption is significantly reduced. In this paper the novel method for low power design is achieved by using Folded Tree Architecture (FTA) and high speed adder design for on-the-node data processing in wireless sensor networks using Parallel Prefix Operations (PPO) and data locality in hardware. Besides power reduction the objective of minimizing area and delay is also considered. Index Terms— Folded Tree Architecture (FTA), Parallel Prefix Operation (PPO), Processing Element (PE), Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). INTRODUCTION Power optimization is always one of the most important design objectives in modern nanometer integrated circuit design. Especially for wireless sensor networks (WSNs), power optimization have become inevitable part in today VLSI design. Power optimization not only can enhance battery life but also reduce the overheating problem. Self-configuring wireless sensor networks can be invaluable in many civil and military applications for collecting, processing, and disseminating wide ranges of complex environmental data. Because of this, they have attracted considerable research attention in last years. Sensor nodes are battery driven and hence operate on an extremely frugal energy budget. Further, they must have a lifetime on the order of months to years. Since battery replacement is not an option for networks with thousands of physically embedded nodes. In some cases, these networks may be required to operate solely on energy scavenged from the environment through seismic, photovoltaic or thermal conversion. This transforms energy consumption into the most important factor that determines sensor node lifetime. The another important application in wireless sensor networks is event tracking, which has widespread use in applications such as security surveillance and wildlife habitat monitoring. Tracking involves a significant amount of collaboration between individual sensors to perform complex signal processing algorithms such as kalman filtering, Bayesian data fusion and coherent beamforming. This applications will require more energy for their processing. In general Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) can operate in four distinct mode of operation: Transmit, Receive, Idle and Sleep. An important observation in the case of most radios is that operating in Idle mode results in significantly high power consumption, almost equal to the power consumed in the Receive mode. The data-driven nature of WSN applications requires a specific low power data processing approach. By employing more appropriate Processing Element (PE), the power consumption in all the four mode of operation will be reduced significantly. In present VLSI technology, reducing power consumption is an important issue. Especially for WSN, due to their limited battery lifetime the low power VLSI design is become inevitable for wireless commmunication. The goal of this paper is to design an low-energy Folded Tree and Multi-Bit Flip-Flop Merging technique for WSN nodes. II. RELATED WORKS In paper [2], the author proposed low-energy data processing architecture for WSN nodes using folded tree method. This paper identifies that many WSN applications employ algorithms which can be solved by using parallel prefix-sums. Therefore, an alternative architecture is proposed to calculated them energy-efficiently. It consists of several parallel Processing Elements (PEs) structured as a folded tree. The folded tree method with parallel prefix operations reduces the number of processing element and memory bottleneck. Due to clock distribution for more flip-flops, it consumes more clock power and also parallel prefix operations has high delay. In paper [3], a novel method is proposed for low clock power consumption in WSN nodes. A previously derived clock energy model is briefly reviewed while a comprehensive framework for the estimation of system wide (chip level) and clock sub-system power as function of technology scaling is presented. This framework is used to study and quantify the impact that various intensifying concerns associated with scaling will have on clock energy and their relative impact on the overall system energy. This technology scaling method reduces power clock power consumption (both static and dynamic), but due to large number of processing element- area, inverter chain, Power-Delay Product is increased. III. PROPOSED SCHEME Folded Tree Architecture with Parallel Prefix Operation is used to reduce the total number of Processing Elements (PEs) in the VLSI design. By reducing the number of processing elements, the total area is reduced. Area is proportional to power, so power consumption is also reduced. During processing and transmission of signals, the WSN nodes will consume more power. Especially for clock distribution nearly 70% power will be consumed. In order to optimize the power during clock distribution, multi-bit flip-flop merging technique is used. A. Folded Tree Architecture A straightforward binary tree implementation of Blelloch’s approach costs a significant amount of area as n inputs require p = n − 1 PEs. To reduce area and power, pipelining can be traded for throughput. With a classic binary tree, as soon as a layer of PEs finishes processing, the results are passed on and new calculations can already recommence independently [8]. Fig 1. Binary tree equivalent to folded tree The idea presented here is to fold the tree back onto itself to maximally reuse the PEs. In doing so, p becomes proportional to n/2 and the area is cut in half. Area is proportional to power, so power is also cut in half. Note that also the interconnect is reduced. This folded tree topology is depicted in Fig. 1, which is functionally equivalent to the binary tree on the left. By using the Folded Tree architecture power consumption, area and wirelength is reduced considerably. Folded Tree Architecture (FTA) for on-the-node data processing in wireless sensor networks, using parallel preà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ x operations and data locality in hardware reduces both area and power consumption. TABLE I LEAKAGE POWER AND DYNAMIC ENERGY FOR ONE PE UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS FTA is designed to reuse the PE nodes to reduces half of the total area. It limiting the data set by preprocessing with parallel preà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ x operations. The combination of data à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow and control à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow elements to introduce a local distributed memory, which removes the memory bottleneck while retaining sufà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cient à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exibility. Several processing element consumes more power, so by using FTA the PE can be reused and power is reduced. Fig 2. Folding Architecture In folding architecture, we can reuse the PEs with the help of counter and FSM. Iteration count in the counter contains the total number of times the specified PE going to be reused. The FSM enables and reset the iteration count based on the instructions. B. Parallel prefix adder. Adders are also very important component in digital systems because of their extensive use in other basic digital operations such as subtraction, multiplication and division. Hence, improving performance of the digital adder would greatly advance the execution of binary operations inside a circuit compromised of such blocks. The performance of a digital circuit block is gauged by analyzing its power dissipation, layout area and its operating speed. The main idea behind parallel prefix addition is an attempt to generate all incoming carries in parallel and avoid waiting until the correct carry propagates from the stage of the adder where it has been generated.Parallel prefix adders are constructed out of fundamental carry operators denoted by  ¢ as follows (G, P)  ¢ (G, P) = (G+G ·P, P ·P) where P and P indicate the propagations, G and G indicate the generations. The fundamental carry operator is represented as Figure Fig 3. Carry operator   Ã‚   A parallel prefix adder can be represented as a parallel prefix graph consisting of carry operator nodes. The parallel prefix Ladner Fischer adder structure has minimum logic depth, but has large fan-out requirement up to n/2. Ladner Fischer adder has less number of delay compared to other parallel prefix adders. Power Delay Product should be less inorder to achieve high throughput and speed. Fig 4. Ladner Fischer Parallel Prefix Adder The Ladner Fischer adder construct a circuit that computes the prefix sums in the circuit, each node performs an addition of two numbers. With their construction, one can choose a tradeoff between the circuit depth and the number of nodes. V CONCLUSION This paper presented the Folded Tree Architecture and Multi-Bit Flip-Flop Merging technique for WSN applications. The design describes many data processing algorithms for WSN applications along with parallel prefix operations and clock distribution networks. Power is saved using flip flop merging technique by providing single clock signal to mergeable flip flops with the help of combinational lookup table. Thus this technique can be effectively used for clock distribution in integrated circuits requiring low power consumption in clock distribution network and low skew clocks. Area is reduced using folded tree architecture by reusing processing element. Ladner Fischer parallel prefix adder reduces the delay constraints and achieve high throughput. The proposed architecture significantly reduces both power and area in WSN nodes, can save up to half of the power in total sensor node. REFERENCES V. Raghunathan, C. Schurgers, S. Park, and M. B. Srivastava, â€Å"Energy-aware wireless microsensor networks,† IEEE Signal Process.Mag., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 40–50, Mar. 2002. C. Walravens and W. Dehaene, â€Å"Design of a low-energy data processing architecture for wsn nodes,† in Proc. Design, Automat. Test Eur. Conf. Exhibit., Mar. 2012, pp. 570–573. D. Duarte, V. Narayanan, and M. J. Irwin, â€Å"Impact of technology scaling in the clock power,† in Proc. IEEE VLSI Comput. Soc. Annu. Symp.,Pittsburgh, PA, Apr. 2002, pp. 52–57. H. Kawagachi and T. Sakurai, â€Å"A reduced clock-swing flip-flop (RCSFF)for 63% clock power reduction,† in VLSI Circuits Dig. Tech. Papers Symp., Jun. 1997, pp. 97–98. Y. Cheon, P.-H. Ho, A. B. Kahng, S. Reda, and Q. Wang, â€Å"Power- aware placement,† in Proc. Design Autom. Conf., Jun. 2005, pp. 795–800. Y.-T. Chang, C.-C. Hsu, P.-H. Lin, Y.-W. Tsai, and S.-F. Chen, â€Å"Post-placement power optimization with multi-bit flip-flops,† in Proc.IEEE/ACM Comput.-Aided Design Int. Conf., San Jose, CA, Nov. 2010,pp. 218–223. P. Sanders and J. Traff, â€Å"Parallel prefix (scan) algorithms for MPI,† in proc, Recent ADV. Parallel Virtual Mach Message Pass, Interf., 2006, pp.49-57. G. Blelloch, â€Å"Scans as primitive parallel operations,† IEEE Trans. Comput.,Vol.38, no 11, pp. 1526-1538, Nov. 1989. D. B. Hoang, N. Kamyabpour â€Å"An Energy Driven Architecture for Wireless Sensor Networks† International Conference on parallel and Distributed computing Applications and technologies., Dec 2012. Nazhandali, M. Minuth, and T. Austin, â€Å"SensBench:Toward an accurate evaluation of sensor network processors,†in Proc. IEEE Workload Characterizat. Symp., Oct. 2005. M. Hempstead, D. Brooks, and G. Wei,† An accelerator-based wireless sensor network processor in 130 nm cmos,† J, Emerg. Select. Topics Circuits Syst., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 193-202, 2011. B. A. Warneke and K. S. J. Pister, â€Å"An ultra-low energy micro- controller for smart dust wireless sensor networks,† in Proc. IEEE Int.Solid-state circuits conf. Dig. Tech. Papers. Feb. 2004, pp. 316-317. M. Hempstead, M. Welsh, and D.Brooks,†Tinybench: The case for a standardized benchmark suite for TinyOS based wireless sensor network devices,† in Proc. IEEE 29th Local comout. Netw, conf., Nov.2004, pp. 585-586. O. Girard. (2010). â€Å"OpenMSP430 processor core, available at opencores.org,† [online]. Available: http://opencores.org/project, openmsp430. H. Stone, â€Å"Parallel processing with the perfect shuffle,† IEEE Trans. Comput., vol. 100, no.2, pp. 153-161, Feb. 1971. M. Hempstead, J. M. Lyons, D. Brooks, and G-Y. Wei,† Survey of hardware systems for wireless sensor networks,† J. Low Power Electron., vol.4, no. 1, pp. 11-29, 2008. C.C. Yu. Design of low-power double edge-triggered flip-flop circuit. In IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications, pp. 2054-2057, 2007. M. Donno, A. Ivaldi, L. Benini, and E. Macii. Clock tree power optimization based on RTL clock-gating. In Design Automation Conference, pp. 622-627, 2003.

Lord Capulet in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet :: Papers

Lord Capulet in William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet Lord Capulet is a character in the play "Romeo and Juliet" by William Shakespeare which we have been reading together in class. This piece is a study on this character. The story is of a young boy and girl who find love in each other but due to a sequence of events their lives are prematurely ended. Lord Capulet is the head of the Capulets and is well respected by the rest of his house. He is also Lady Capulets wife and Juliet's father. He is important in this story, as he is able to make decisions, which will affect the lives of many other people, not only in his own house but also in his bitter rivals house, The Montague's. Throughout the whole play there are scenes that revolve solely around him and Juliet, this makes him one of the most powerful people in the play and one of the main characters. The first time we see Capulet is in the brawl at the market, it is between the Capulets and Montagues. He immediately asks for his sword, "give me my long sword, ho!" as he sees Montague but his wife restrains him. You can tell by both his actions and his first words that he is not in a good mood and is spoiling for a fight also he acts like a middle aged man of around 40 years. We find out later in the play that he has a temper and his mood varies quickly from happy to anger or visa-versa. We next see Capulet in scene two where he is talking to Count Paris, an eligible young man who wishes to marry Juliet. He tells Paris that Juliet is too young, she's still only thirteen and he should wait until she is two years older, then he can marry her, "My child is yet a stranger in the world; she hath not seen the change of fourteen years". If not he should 'woo' Juliet and if she is happy, they shall talk again.

Comparing Dover Beach and Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock Essay

A Comparison of the Victorian and Modernist Perceptions as Exemplified by Dover Beach and The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock    Matthew Arnold and T.S. Eliot, in their respective poems, share a sense of alienation, not only from other people but from nature and God as well. Arnold is writing in an age when the place of man in the universe is coming into question, for the first time since the advent of Christianity. He can no longer take the same solace in nature and the love of God that his Romantic predecessors did. While Arnold comments on isolation, however, he still addresses himself to a lover in Dover Beach, whereas Prufrock is presented as a man who has completely retreated within himself. Eliot's isolation is total. In the industrialized age of Arnold, people no longer were able to look upon nature for inspiration; the unpopulated country of Wordsworth's time was no longer accessible to a centralized people. The increased pace of life and urban crowding obviated the Romantic's luxury of reflection in natural solitude. While the poet observes nature in Dover Beach, the experience is metaphorically useful, but not an end unto itself, nor does it bring any comfort. Rather, Arnold uses the futility that he sees in the ocean's tides to illustrate the fruitlessness of human endeavor. Although the sea appears calm [line 1], beneath the surface there is this almost cruel drama being played out, as the pebbles are dragged and flung by the waves and dragged back again, producing a "grating roar." [lines 9-12] The image of human beings as pebbles on the sand recurs in the third stanza, when Arnold refers to the "Sea of Faith" which has withdrawn and left the rocks exposed as "naked shingles." Eliot later a lso repudiates t... ...he colloquial almost instantaneously. Arnold's final paragraph serves a sort of summing-up of Dover Beach as a whole. At the conclusion of Prufrock, Eliot leaps into an apparently tangential thought about mermaids. It's not his job to explain what Prufrock is talking about. Eliot has turned the enigma of modern living into a poem, rather than using his work to provide an answer to the questions that humanity must deal with. Arnold seems to be mourning for a time past when people could look to faith for answers to questions of import. Eliot acknowledges that those days will never return and instead encourages the reader to apply a personal meaning to The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. Works Cited: T.S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 6th ed. Vol. 2. ed. M. H. Abrams New York, London: Norton, 1993.

Civil War Medicine :: essays research papers

In the early years of the Civil War it became clear that disease would be the greatest killer. Twice as many Civil War soldiers died of disease then that were killed in combat. This was due to unsanitary and filthy conditions, untrained Medical personnel and poor medical examination of new soldier’s. One fact from the Civil War was 315,000 soldiers died from illnesses that included: 44,558 from diarrhea/dysentery, 10,063 from malaria, 34,833 from typhoid, 958 from typhus and 436 from yellow fever. The sanitary conditions that a cured during the civil war was shocking. Unsanitary hospitals and camps kept the wounded soldiers in large groups, which were ideal places for infection, fevers and disease to spread. Soldiers were not immune to childhood diseases like the measles and small pox. Medical science had not yet discovered the importance of antiseptics in preventing infection. Water was contaminated and soldiers sometimes ate unripened or spoiled food. There weren’t always clean rags available to clean wounds. Because of frequent shortages of water, surgeons often went days without washing their hands or instruments. So now germs were passing from patient to patient. The Civil War was fought at the end of the middle Ages; therefore the Medical Corps was unqualified in all fields of medical care. Little was known about what caused disease, how to stop it from spreading, or how to cure it. Surgical techniques ranged from the tough to easy. Underqualified, understaffed, and undersupplied medical corps, who was often referred to as quacks and butchers by the press, took cared of the men in the Civil War. During this period a physician received minimal training. Nearly all the older doctors served as apprentices in lieu of formal education. Even those who attended one of the few medical schools were poorly trained. The average medical student trained for two years, received no experience, and was given virtually no laboratory instruction. Still, another reason for disease being the greatest killer in the Civil War was the bad medical examinations of recruits. The recruiting process allowed underage, overage men and those in noticeably poor health to join the army on both sides. Two hundred thousand recruits originally accepted for services were told to be unfit and discharged, either because they had become ill or because a routine examination revealed their bad condition.

The Motivational Factor

Motivation is a process in which the individual’s attention and interests are aroused and directed towards definite goals. One’s attention and interest can be evoked to the extent that the person’s needs, May it be basic or acquired are the ones involved (Bustos, 1996). Learning is a process inferred from relatively stable changes in behavior that result through practice or interaction with and adaptation to the environment (Goodwin and Klausmeier, 1975; 1978). It is the modification of organism’s behavior as a result of maturation and environmental experiences (Garrison and Magoon, 1975). It has been said that the most effective learning takes place when there is a maximum mental activity on the part of the learner. This mental activity can be best achieved through strong motivation thus motivation is basic to learning. A motivational factor varies according to age, needs, attitudes, intelligence, training and experience. An individual may respond to a particular stimulus due to some changes in his/her environment or something unusual is noticed. These factors that catch the attention of the learner can be utilized by the teacher in order to motivate learning. Since motivational factors varies, the   teacher should take into consideration then the nature of the child, past experiences, the environment, the needs and wants, as well as the individual differences. For instance if you are teaching 3rd graders the teacher should look into their developmental tasks so he/she (the teacher) would be able to associate his/her activities to the subject matter which the students attention are evoked. An intrinsic motivation are internal desires to perform a particular task, people do certain activities because it gives them pleasure, develops a particular skill, or it’s morally the right thing to do. However extrinsic motivations are external factors that are not related to the task they are performing. The more attached the person to the task he/she is performing the eager he/she does the work for the sense of fulfillment while people who are awarded with external things in order to perform a particular task (Deci and Ryan, 1985) would not be able to appreciate the job he/she performed but more likely to be bribed and would not feel fulfilled with his performance but rather with the thing he/she got because of it. Teacher’s especially teaching children who are still in their formation years should be very careful as to how they deal with their students. Intrinsic motivation should likely be done in order for them to grow as responsible human beings who will do good things without bribing them of anything just to provoke them in doing a particular stuff. On the other hand, parents as well must do the same thing at home since discipline starts at home. Activities at school must possess more on the affective domain of the learner and the rest follows. Motivation at this early stage on the development of the child lies more on his/her environment. The very concern of the teacher now is the knowledge and application of motivation and its sustainability. A lesson plan without a motivation is considered as incomplete. A teacher carries out the potentialities of the students with the motivation he/she has in store and so therefore he/she should be very well oriented with the factor that affects motivation to motivate his/her learners effectively. References: Bustos, Alicia S.Ed.D and Espiritu, Socoro PhD. (1996). Anthrpological, and Sociological Foundations of Education.   Quezon City, Philippines. KATHA Publishing Inc. Deci   and Ryan.1985.Intrinsic Motivation. ChangingMinds.Org. http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/intrinsic_motivation.htm         

Readings on the Power of the Nation-State Essay

World club and the Nation-State by John W. Meyer, John Boli, George M. Thomas, and Francisco O. Ramirez * This try begins by explaining that it is the world models of institutions and the purposes they serveequality, socio frugal surface, human development atomic number 18 the foundations for the stream race- commonwealth launch. These world models expect become more and more important in the post-war era as b solely-shapedization has increase and intensified exponentially. * They therefore(prenominal) expand upon this point, explaining that traditionally, scholars believe that estates ar products of their possess histories and internal forces. This essay asserts that this is inaccurate be progress to in todays era especially, in that location be many come forthside forces collectable to world(prenominal)ization that shape a nation states culture, institutions, and other features.* They suggest that the principal(prenominal) reasons for the emergence of world-soc iety models have been out of wars, like World War II and the Cold War. These international conflicts may have pushed for the improvement of nationally organized progress and human development on the world-wide scale. * Many scholars predict a reverse of world-society, drawing upon evidence from the gross violations of world-cultural principles in Bosnia, the stagnant development in Africa, and the overall evasion of proper responsibility all over the globe.The Declining Authority of States by Susan distant* fantastic opens with the assertion that although they may non admit it, those in rout out in capitalist nations are losing power and reputability. Politicians throw off empty promises and the hoi polloi no prolonged believe them. It is exactly this type of discontentment that brought down the Soviet Union and its broadcast states. Political discontent by the earth has risen globally and seems to be unembellished everywhere. * Strange also asserts that answers lie in the in the public eye(predicate) opinion and everyday citizens of a country, not in the current political system. She says this because normal people use sensible which seems to be more legitimate than the al closely common academic theories politicians base their ideals upon.* Strange argues that after extensive study of the global political economy, she has come to the conclusion that we motif to rethink some of the traditional concepts and assumptions that foreign relations are based upon. She presents iv main assumptions that need to be rewrite 1. The limits of politics as a affable activity. 2. The nature and sources of power within a society. 3. The necessity and contrasting invisibility of authorization in a capitalist economy. 4. The uncontrolled nature of international society and quick of scent conduct of states as the unitary actors in that society. * An careing point Strange argues is that as brasss try to gain more authority, they are squashing out ethnic minorities and indigenous peoples sovereignty. some(a) principle examples include the Basques of southwestern Europe, the Tibetans of China, the Scottish of the United Kingdom, and the Aborigines of Australia.Global Organized execration by James H. MittelmanMittelman explains that because of globalization, offensive has on the whole evolved into a more complex and terrorisation concept. The new type of global plague involves disgusts that didnt even exist a few decades agocomputer crimes, silver laundering, nuclear material theft, counterfeiting, stock market sharpen schemes, and so forth Crime is also no longer localized, but taking place on a global scale. * Mittelman provides a chief example of this globalized crime utilize Chinese triads that have smuggled people unratifiedly into the U.S. since the 1840s. The corruption of the Chinese government and oppression of Chinese workers has caused this issue of illegal migration.* Mittelman also explains that global organiz ed crime fuel be equated to transnational firms because they process twain above and below the state. preceding(prenominal) the state, they operate using the manipulation of pervious b requests and deregulation. Below the state, they operate by religious offering incentives to the marginalized populations who are struggling to cope with the effectuate of globalization. * He also describes the single-valued function of global crime in relation to the state. Traditionally, states are viewed as arbiters and mediators in interstate relations. However, this role is changing as crime has deceaseed borders and caused the cooperation of state governments to try and combat this trend. Mittelman also clarifies that although crime groups arent revolutionary or arduous to take over the government, they are lento changing the role of government and evenhandedly undermining its power.Has globalisation Gone Too far? By Dani Rodrik* Rodrik begins by asserting that globalization has dra matically increased the gap mingled with the rich and the poor the middle segmentation is disappearing.Because of this, tension between those in chargethe policymakers and market mogulsand those at the bottomworkers, environmentalists, etc.has risen and become a major(ip)(ip) dividing factor. * This divide causes tension and a fall in affectionate stability. Rodrik highlights three main sources of tension. 1. Reduced barriers to trade and investment funds mark the im fit between groups that can transcend international borderscapitalists, professionals, highly skilled workersand those that cantunskilled workers.2. Nations face major differences in terms of ideologies, politics, socioeconomics and this can cause conflicts within and between nations of opposing traditions. 3. globalisation has made it close to impossible for government activity bodies to provide favorable insurancea central function that has held societies together in the post-war period. * Rodrik then explains that in order to batch with these issues, policymakers must make difficult decisions in order to strike a balance between domestic cohesion and global interaction. Rodrik recognizes that this situation is usually viewed as a trade-off, however through maintaining a water-loving balance between domestic inevitably and global progress, this can be achieved. wellbeing Spending in an Era of Globalization The North-South Divide by John Glenn * Glenn initiative recognizes that in less- industrialize states, welfare spending has decreased during the period of globalization due to the increased spending focused on morphologic development. On the other hand, highly industrialized nations have been the key agents in head start and maintaining globalization. * Glenn then examines two different hypotheses. The maiden states that nations are actively reconfiguring themselves in order to produce a business-nurturing environment. This competition state system claims that the globalizatio n of the economy is putt the pressures on the states to make the business-conducive environment.The second hypothesis asserts that states make up for those who are most negatively affected by the economic progress and as a end point of this, a decrease in social spending will not occur. * Glenn recognizes the overlap between these two hypotheses in that they both emphasize the importance of state investment in human capital in order to compete in the global economy of today. He also supports his findings with several(prenominal) tablesexhibiting different states growth of government expenditures, social spending trends, etc. in order for readers to visually see these trends that are occurring crosswise the globe.World Culture and the Future of schooltime by David P. Baker and Gerald K. LeTendre * This article begins with the possibility that bringing up is, contrary to popular belief, a global undertaking. It defines the traditional, national vision of reading as an institution for education and acculturation of a countrys offspring, preparing them to be successful adult citizens of their nation. The authors argue that this notion is inaccurate and is becoming more so every day. * The article asserts that global forces are shaping the evolution of schooling and education is growing more globally identical due to the permeability of borders and educational determine penetrating those borders and infiltrating educational systems within those borders.* The intercontinental success of mass education is then examined. It is observed that all over the world, public schooling is educating the vast majority of youth and preparing them for a bright and educated future. In addition to this trend, traditional educational value have become widely accepted. These determine can be education for the bodied good, national government funding and interest in education, early education invariable through early adulthood as an effective tool in semipermanent impact, and statuses such as race, gender, religion and oral communication should not deter an individual or group from accessing education.